Summary of Hajj and Umrah Provisions
1. Requirements and Obligations
Hajj and Umrah are obligatory acts of worship that must be performed once in a lifetime for Muslims who meet the following criteria: sane, mature, free, and capable (istitha'ah).
The criteria for "capable" here include:
Having adequate travel expenses, transportation, and equipment appropriate to their social status.
This wealth should be surplus after paying off debts and ensuring the family's continued livelihood.
For women: Must be accompanied by a husband or mahram (a man who is permanently forbidden to marry due to blood ties or other permissible reasons).
2. Certain Legal Statuses
Worship Debts: If a person dies before performing Hajj, even though it is obligatory, the costs of Hajj and Umrah must be taken from their estate and delegated to their heirs.
Validity: This act of worship is not valid for non-Muslims or those with mental disorders. However, it is permissible for children or slaves to perform Hajj, even if their status does not waive their obligation to perform it when they become adults or free.
Emergency Conditions: If a poor person or a woman without a mahram still performs Hajj, their pilgrimage is still considered valid.
Hajj for Others: If someone performs Hajj for another person (based on a vow or sunnah) even though they have never performed Hajj themselves, the reward for that Hajj automatically goes to them.
Miqat Regulations (Location & Time Limits)
1. Miqat Locations Based on Region
Every resident or those passing through a certain route must enter Ihram at the following points:
Medina: Dhul Hulayfah.
Syria, Morocco, Egypt: Juhfah.
Yemen: Yalamlam.
Najd: Qarn.
Eastern Region: Dhatu 'Irq.
Special Location Regulations:
If a person's house is between the Miqat and Mecca, their house is the starting point for Ihram.
Residents of Mecca begin the Hajj from home, but begin the Umrah from outside the nearest haram land (such as Tan'im or Ji'ranah).
If the route you are taking does not have an official miqat, then take the point that is closest to the existing miqat.
2. Ihram rules in Miqat
Anyone who wants to enter Mecca through the miqat is required to wear ihram, except for emergency matters (war) or routine work (such as looking for wood).
Not yet in the ihram: If he has missed but has not yet started the ritual, he must return to the miqat. If done, he is free from fines (dam).
Already in ihram but past the miqat: If he only intends to enter ihram after passing the miqat limit, then he is obliged to pay dam, whether he has time to return to the miqat or not.
Ihram time: The most important thing is to do ihram right at the miqat, although doing ihram before getting there is still permitted.
3. Hajj Time
The Hajj pilgrimage can only be performed during limited periods: the months of Shawwal, Dzulqa'dah, and the first ten days of Dzulhijjah.
4. Ihram
1. Physical Preparation and Clothing
Before entering ihram, pilgrims are strongly encouraged to thoroughly cleanse themselves by bathing and applying perfume. For men, regular, sewn-on clothing must be removed and replaced with two clean, white pieces of cloth: one as a lower garment (sarong) and the other as a top, draped over the shoulders.
2. Iimtiating the Intention and Requirements
After completing physical preparation, pilgrims are recommended to perform two rak'ah prayers. The ihram process officially begins when a person makes the intention in their heart. It is highly recommended to recite this intention and include the words of the requirements (ishtirath). These words are intended to allow pilgrims to end their ihram (tahalul) at the place where the obstacle occurred.
3. Method of Performing Hajj
The congregation can choose one of three implementation methods, in order of priority as follows:
Tamatuk Hajj (Most Important): Performing Umrah first in the months of Hajj until it is completed (tahalul), then performing Hajj in the same year.
Hajj Ifrad: Focus on carrying out the Hajj pilgrimage from start to finish.
Haji Qiran: Combining Hajj and Umrah intentions at one time. The congregation intends to perform Umrah and then immediately connect it with the Hajj procession. However, it should be noted, if someone intends to perform Hajj first and then tries to enter the Umrah midway, then their Umrah status is not considered valid.
4. Talbiyah sentences
Once starting the journey on the vehicle, it is Sunnah for the congregation to continue chanting the Talbiyah as a form of response to Allah's call.
Conditions for Reading Talbiyah:
It is recommended to be reproduced throughout the journey.
Men are encouraged to raise their voices, while women soften them.
Key Times: It is strongly recommended to recite it when terrain changes (climbing a hill or descending a valley), when hearing someone else chant the talbiyah, when committing a transgression due to forgetfulness, when meeting another group, after obligatory prayers, during sahur, and at each change of day and night.
Prohibitions During Ihram
There are nine things that are prohibited for a person who is in Ihram.
Having the intention to enter Ihram:
1. Physical Prohibitions (Hair and Nails)
Shaving hair and cutting nails: Both are prohibited. Violations are subject to a fine (dam). However, if excessively long hair or nails are medically harmful (such as if they are poking the eye), then they are permitted to be cut.
2. Clothing and Appearance
Sewn Clothing: Prohibited for men. However, if a sarong cannot be found, it is permissible to wear trousers; and if sandals are unavailable, it is permissible to wear khuf (leather boots) without having to pay fidyah.
Head Covering: Men are prohibited from covering their heads up to the ears.
Fragrance: Using perfume on either the body or clothing is prohibited.
3. Interaction with Animals and Marriage
Hunting/Killing Animals: Killing tame land animals is prohibited. Exceptions are made for sea animals and dangerous (wild) wild animals.
Marriage Contract: Performing the marriage contract is prohibited, but there is no financial penalty (fidyah) for this violation.
4. Prohibition of Husband-Wife Relations
Cumbu Seyu (Without Jima'): Making physical contact with lust other than intimate relations. If semen comes out, the fine is slaughtering a camel. If semen does not come out, the fine is a goat. In both these conditions, the Hajj remains valid.
Intimate Relationships (Jima'):
If done before the first tahalul, the Hajj is considered invalid/damaged. The perpetrator must pay a fine of one camel and repeat the Hajj next year.
If done after the first tahalul, the Hajj is still valid but you must pay a fine of one goat. He must also renew his ihram from Tan'im to complete tawaf.
If done during Umrah, then the Umrah is cancelled.
5. Special provisions for women
In general, the prohibitions for women are the same as for men, with the exception of:
Women are allowed to wear tailored clothing.
Women are required to uncover their faces when performing ihram.
Fidyah Chapter
Fidyah is divided into two main categories:
Elective Fidyah: Applies to pilgrims who are forced to violate the prohibitions of ihram due to emergencies, such as experiencing a scalp problem (requiring shaving), wearing sewn clothing, or using perfume. They are allowed to choose one of three options: fasting for three days, feeding six poor people with a total of three sa' of dates, or slaughtering a goat.
Game: If game is killed, the fidyah is livestock of comparable value. For birds, compensation is given at its price, except for pigeons (the fidyah is goats) and ostriches (the fidyah is camels).
Payment Options: Payment can be in the form of livestock of equivalent value or converted into food (one mud for each poor person) or fasting one day for each mud of food that should have been spent.
Consecutive Fidyah: Applies to the Tamatuk Hajj. The obligation is to slaughter a goat. If unable to do so, fasting three days during the Hajj and seven days upon returning home is mandatory.
Serious Violations (Sexual Infidelity): The fine is a camel. If unable to do so, the provisions are the same as for the Tamatuk Hajj fast. Local residents who are fined (dam) but are unable to do so are required to fast for ten days.
Violation Provisions: Repeated violations of the same type (other than killing game) require a single expiation, unless the first expiation was paid before the second violation occurred. However, if the violations are of different types, each violation has its own expiation. Violations committed through forgetfulness are not subject to a fine, except for certain types.
Distribution Locations: All slaughtered animals or food must be distributed to the poor in the Haram, except for the fidyah (expiation) for headaches (distributed at the barbershop) and the fine for those who are delayed in performing wukuf (slaughtered at the location of the delay). Fasting may be performed anywhere.
Chapter: Entering Mecca and Hajj Procedures
Entering Mecca: It is recommended to enter via the highland route and through the Bani Shaibah Gate in the Grand Mosque. When viewing the Kaaba, it is recommended to perform takbir, bertahmid, and prayer. The congregation starts with Tawaf Umrah (for tamatuk) or Tawaf Qudum (for ifrad/qiran).
Tawaf: Performed by idhthiba' (slipping the ihram cloth under the right armpit). Tawaf begins with the Black Stone by rubbing and kissing it while praying. Tawaf consists of seven rounds: the first three rounds are done with a small jog (raml) and the last four rounds are a normal walk. Between the Pillars of Yamani and the Black Stone, it is sunnah to recite the broom of the universe prayer (Rabbana atina fid-dunya hasanah...). Once finished, pray two rak'ahs behind Maqam Ibrahim.
Sa'i: Perform seven rounds between the hills of Shafa and Marwa, starting from Shafa. Between two signs (green lights), it is sunnah for men to jog. Once completed, the Umrah pilgrims perform their rituals by shaving their heads. Hajj pilgrims performing Qiran and Ifrad remain in a state of ihram.
Sequence of Hajj Rituals
Tarwiyah Day (8 Dzulhijjah): Berihram from Mecca to Mina/Arafah.
Day of Arafah (9 Dzulhijjah): Performing wukuf after the sun sets. Midday and Asr prayers are called qasr. It is recommended to pray more while facing the Qibla until sunset.
Muzdalifah: After sunset, head to Muzdalifah. Maghrib and Isha prayers are held there and stay overnight until dawn. Pray at Mash'aril Haram until morning.
Mina & Jumrah (10 Dzulhijjah): Before sunrise, head to Mina. Throwing Jumrah Aqabah with seven pebbles while saying takbir. After that, slaughter the animal and shave the hair. At this stage, all the prohibitions on ihram fall apart except for husband and wife relations.
Tawaf Ifadhah & Sa'i: Return to Mecca for Tawaf Pilgrimage (pilgrimage pillars) and Sa'i (for tamatuk or those who have not yet sa'i). After this, all the prohibitions of ihram (including jimak) are permitted.
After Tahalul: The congregation returns to Mina to spend the night (Mabit). On the days of Tasyriq, the congregation throws the three jumrah (Ula, Wustha, and Aqabah) after the sun sets, seven pebbles each. If you want Early Nafar (go home early), you must leave Mina before sunset on the second day of Tasyriq.
Tawaf Wada': Before leaving Mecca, pilgrims are required to perform Farewell Tawaf. It is recommended to pray at Multazam. Women who are menstruating or postpartum are exempt from this obligation, but are encouraged to pray at the mosque door.
Pillars and Obligations of Hajj/Umrah
Pillars of Hajj: Wukuf on Arafah and Tawaf Pilgrimage (Ifadhah). If abandoned, the Hajj is invalid.
Obligatory Hajj: Ihram from miqat, wukuf until evening, mabit in Muzdalifah, sa'i, mabit in Mina, throwing the jurah, shaving the hair, and Tawaf Wada'. If abandoned, you must pay a fine (dam).
Pillars of Umrah: Tawaf. Obligatory Umrah: Ihram, sa'i, and shaving.
Chapter Hadyu, Udhiyah (Sacrifice), and Aqiqah
Hadyu and Sacrifice: It is sunnah to do it unless it is prescribed. Slaughtering is more important than giving alms. The order of precedence of animals: camels, cows, then goats.
Animal Requirements: Goat/sheep must be at least 6 months old (jadza'), normal goat 1 year old, cow 2 years old, and camel 5 years old. One goat is for one person, while a camel/cow can be for seven people.
Criteria: The animal must not be disabled (lame, squinting, sick, or extremely thin).
Procedure: Camels are slaughtered standing up, while cows and goats are slaughtered lying down. It is recommended that the owner slaughter the animal himself and divide the meat into three parts: for personal consumption, as a gift, and as charity.
Prohibitions: Those wishing to perform a sacrifice are prohibited from shaving their hair or cutting their nails from the 1st of Dhul Hijjah until the animal is slaughtered.
Aqiqah: It is recommended to perform two goats for a baby boy and one for a girl. This is performed on the seventh day after birth, along with shaving the baby's hair and giving charity equivalent to the weight of the hair. If the seventh day is missed, it can be performed on the 14th or 21st day. The meat for the aqiqah should be cut at the joints without breaking the bones.
Reference:
Umdatul Fiqh
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