THAHARAH
1. Rulings on Water and Impurity
Basic Properties: Water is inherently pure and can purify (thahur). Only water may be used to remove hadas and impurity.
Two Qullah: Water with a volume of two qullah (approximately 108 rithl Damascus) or running water does not become impure unless its color, taste, or aroma changes.
Change of Status: Pure water can become impure if it is mixed with other substances during cooking, mixed with other substances in excess, or has been used for ablution/obligatory bathing.
Doubt: If in doubt between pure and impure water, return to your belief. If you truly cannot distinguish between them without other water, then abandon both and perform tayammum.
2. How to Cleanse Impurities
Heavy Impurities: Objects contaminated with impurity from dogs or pigs must be washed seven times, one of which is with soil.
General Impurities: Washing three times is sufficient. If the dirt is on the ground (such as urine), it is sufficient to sprinkle it with water once until it disappears.
Minor Impurity: The urine of a baby boy who has not eaten anything other than breast milk is sufficient to be sprinkled with water.
Forgivable Impurity: Blood, pus, or madhi in small amounts considered normal by society.
Pure Objects: Human semen and the urine of animals whose meat is permissible to eat are considered pure.
3. Use of Vessels (Containers)
Prohibitions: It is forbidden to use gold and silver vessels for eating, drinking, or purifying oneself. This also applies to vessels plated with these precious metals (except for very slight silver plating).
Exceptions: It is permissible to use vessels made of other pure materials, including vessels and clothing belonging to the People of the Book, as long as there is no evidence of impurity.
4. Carcasses and Animals
Status of Carcasses: All carcasses are impure, except for human and aquatic animals (fish/sea creatures).
Bloodless Animals: Animals whose blood does not flow (such as grasshoppers or caterpillars) are considered pure, as long as they do not reproduce from impure objects.
Body Remains: The hair and clothing of a deceased person are pure, but the skin (even if tanned) and bones are still considered impure.
5. Defecation Etiquette
Etiquette: Enter with the left foot (recite a prayer for protection from Satan), exit with the right foot (recite Gufranaka). Do not carry anything inscribed with the name of Allah.
Position: When defecating, put your weight on the left foot. It is forbidden to face or turn your back to the Qibla if in an open area (permissible if inside a building).
Location Prohibitions: It is forbidden to defecate in holes, streets, shelters, or under fruit-bearing trees.
Purification (Istinja/Istijmar): It is permissible to use a stone or other hard object (at least 3 wipes/an odd number) as long as the impurity does not spread. However, using water afterward is best. It is forbidden to perform ablution with the right hand, animal dung, bones, or valuables.
6. Requirements for Ablution
Rukun (Mandatory): Making the intention, washing the face (including rinsing the mouth and performing istinshaq), washing the hands up to the elbows, wiping the entire head, washing the feet up to the ankles, performing the ablution in an orderly manner, and performing the ablution without delay.
Sunnah: Reciting the Basmalah (in the name of Allah), washing the palms first, trimming the thick beard and fingers, wiping the ears, prioritizing the right side, and washing three times.
Miswak: Highly recommended for those with bad breath, waking up, and preparing to pray (except for those fasting after midday).
7. Wiping the Khuf (Leather Shoes)
Requirements: Must be worn in a state of complete purity (after ablution) and must cover the ankles.
Duration: 1 day and 1 night for residents, and 3 days and 3 nights for travelers.
Cancellation: Expires the validity period, releases the khuf, or experiences major hadas (janabah).
8. Ablution of Wudhu and Ghusl
Ablution of Wudhu: Something comes out of the lower hole, a lot of unclean comes out of the body, loss of consciousness (except in a light sleep in a sitting position), touching the genitals directly, touching the opposite sex with lust, apostasy, and eating camel meat.
Ghusl: Obligatory due to ejaculation or sexual intercourse. The pillars are intention and even distribution of water throughout the body (including the mouth and nose). It is not mandatory for women to unbraid their hair if the water has penetrated the hair roots.
9. Tayammum provisions
Cause: No water, illness, very cold weather, or only enough water to drink.
How to: Pat the holy soil once, then wipe your face and palms.
Time Requirements: Tayamum is only valid if done after prayer time. One tayammum for fardu prayers is only valid for one fardu prayer.
Invalidating Factors: Anything that invalidates ablution, including the end of prayer time or when water is available again.
1. Menstruation
Menstruation results in ten things being prevented or changed:
Prohibitions on Worship: Prayer, fasting, circumambulation, reading the Quran, touching the Mushaf, and remaining silent in the mosque are not obligatory and invalid.
Husband-Wife Relations: Sexual intercourse with the genitals is prohibited. However, the husband is permitted to touch (istimta') any part of the body other than the genitals.
Provisions for Divorce and Idah: It is prohibited to pronounce divorce during the wife's menstruation (talaq bid'i). Menstruation jalso changed the way of calculating the Idah period (from months to holy/menstrual periods).
Obligations After the Blood Stops: Once the blood stops, the woman can fast and can have a divorce. However, to pray, have sex and other acts of worship, he is obliged to take a big bath first.
2. Time and Age Limits for Menstruation
Duration: The shortest is 24 hours (a day and a night), and the longest is 15 days.
Holy Period: The minimum distance between two menstrual periods is 13 days, while the maximum holy period is unlimited.
Age: Women begin to experience menstruation at least at the age of 9 years, and generally stop (monopause) at the age of 60 years.
3. Recognizing Menstrual Blood and Istihadhah
Beginners: Women who are menstruating for the first time are considered to be menstruating if blood comes out for at least a day and a night. If it's less than that, then it's not menstruation. If the blood continues to come out to the maximum limit (15 days), it is still considered menstruation.
Regular Cycle: Menstruation is considered a habit (custom) if the pattern has repeated three times regularly.
Istihadhah (Illegible Bleeding): If the bleeding exceeds the maximum limit or is outside of the established routine.
How to Determine: Use the usual daily count. If you don't have a routine, use the difference in blood color (thick black blood is considered menstruation, fresh red blood is considered istihadhah). If you forget or can't tell the difference, use the general standard for women, which is 6 or 7 days.
Obligation: After her menstrual period (based on the calculation above) ends, she is required to perform a full ghusl. For subsequent prayers, she simply cleans her genitals, covers them, and performs ablution at each prayer time.
4. Special Conditions
Pregnant Women: Generally, they do not menstruate. If bleeding occurs shortly (1-2 days) before delivery, it is categorized as postpartum bleeding.
Incontinence: Those suffering from urinary incontinence (salasul baul) are subject to the same rulings as women with istihadhah (istihadhah) regarding the procedures for purification for prayer.
5. Rulings on Nifas
Definition: Blood released due to childbirth.
Ruling: All prohibitions and obligations regarding nifas are exactly the same as those for menstruation.
Duration: The maximum duration of nifas is 40 days, but there is no minimum.
Signs of Purity: If the bleeding stops before 40 days, the woman must immediately take a bath and return to worship. However, if the bleeding resumes within 40 days, it is still considered nifas.
Reference:
Umdatul Fiqh
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