BOOK OF ZAKAT
I. General Foundations of Zakat
Zakat is an obligation for every free Muslim. The main conditions are:
Perfectly Owned: The property is fully controlled by the owner.
Nisab: The amount reaches the minimum limit set by the Shari'a.
Haul: Have owned for a full year.
Haul Exceptions: Agricultural products (harvest) and trade profits/increased livestock. Both of them do not need to wait a year themselves, but rather follow the time of ownership of the principal capital.
Assets that must be Zakati: Only limited to four things: Livestock (saimah), agricultural products, means of exchange (gold, silver, money), and merchandise.
II. Zakat on Livestock Animals (Saimah)
Zakati animals are those that are grazed on pasture (not those that are fed at high cost).
1. Camel
Camel calculations are very specific based on the age of the animal issued:
5-24 Heads: For every multiple of 5 heads, the zakat is 1 goat.
25-35 Heads: 1 Bintu Mukhad (1 year old female camel). If not available, Ibnu Labun (2 year old male camel) can be replaced.
36-45: 1 Bintu Labun (2 year old female camel).
46-60 Tails: 1 Hiqqah (3 year old female camel).
61-75 Tails: 1 Jadza'ah (4 year old female camel).
76-90 Tails: 2 Bintu Labun tails.
91-120 Tails: 2 Hiqqah tails.
121 heads and above: For every additional 40 heads the zakat is 1 Bintu Labun, for every additional 50 heads the zakat is 1 Hiqqah.
2. Cattle
30-39: 1 Tabi' (1-year-old male/female calf).
40-59: 1 Musinnah (2-year-old female cow).
60 and above: Multiples of 30 = 1 Tabi'; Multiples of 40 = 1 Musinnah.
3. Goats
40-120: 1 goat.
121-200: 2 goats.
201-300: 3 goats.
Over 300: For every additional 100 animals, the zakat is increased by 1 goat.
Important Livestock Rules: > * It is prohibited to give animals that are disabled, too old, or male (unless all the livestock are male).
Do not slaughter the best (choice) or lactating/fattening animals; choose medium-quality ones.
If two people share in any aspect (pen, watering place, grazing), their wealth is counted as one unit.
III. Zakat on Agricultural and Mining Produce
1. Plants and Fruit
Nisab: 5 Wasaq (equivalent to approximately 653 kg).
Zakat Amount:
10% (One-tenth): If irrigated naturally (rain/spring).
5% (One-twentieth): If irrigated with additional labor/cost.
Requirements: The produce must be seeds or fruit that can be stored and measured (such as dates, wheat, rice). Zakat is calculated when the fruit is ripe or the seeds have hardened.
2. Mining Produce and Treasure
Mining: Gold, silver, iron, or copper that reaches the nisab (gold/silver) is subject to zakat (2.5%) after being purified.
Rikaz (Treasure): 20% (one-fifth) of items found from ancient times must be released without a yearly requirement.
IV. Zakat on Gold, Silver and Money
Gold: Nisab is 20 mitsqal (±85 gr), zakat is 2.5%.
Silver: Nisab is 200 dirhams (±595 gr), zakat is 2.5%.
Banknotes: Follow the lowest gold or silver nisab.
Jewellery: If gold/silver jewelry is used for mubah (everyday wear) jewelry, there is no zakat. However, if it is kept as an investment or rented out, zakat is required.
V. Merchandise Zakat
New assets are considered merchandise if from the start the intention was to be bought and sold.
Calculated once a year based on market value (converted to gold/silver price).
If the intention changes from trading to personal collection, then the zakat calculation stops.
VI. Zakat Fitrah
Who is obligated? Every Muslim who has leftover food for themselves and their families during Eid.
Amount: 1 Sa' (approximately 2.5 kg - 3 kg) of local staple food.
Time: May be paid 1-2 days before Eid al-Fitr, and at the latest before the Eid prayer begins. If paid after the Eid prayer, it is considered ordinary charity.
VII. Distribution and Recipients of Zakat
Zakat must be given to 8 categories (Asnaf):
Fakir: Those who have nothing.
Miskin: Those who have income but are not sufficient.
Amil: Those who manage zakat.
Muallaf: Those who have recently converted to Islam or who need support in their faith.
Slaves: To help free them.
Gharim: Those who have large debts for permissible purposes or to reconcile others.
Fi Sabilillah: Those who fight in the path of Allah without a fixed salary.
Ibnu Sabil: A traveler who ran out of provisions on his journey.
Who is Prohibited from Receiving Zakat?
Rich people, people who are strong at work, descendants of the Prophet (Bani Hashim), unbelievers, and families whose livelihood is the responsibility of the zakat giver (such as wife, children, or parents).
reference:
umdatul fiqh
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