PRAY
I. Position and Obligation of Prayer
The five daily prayers are a pillar of religion that must be carried out by every mature and sensible Muslim, except for women who are menstruating or postpartum.
Virtue: Allah promises heaven to those who guard it.
Law of Abandonment: Denying the obligation to pray because of disobedience causes a person to become an infidel. Underestimating prayer without a syar'i udzur can result in heavy legal sanctions.
Time: Prayers must be done on time, they cannot be postponed except for those who are plural or are working on prayer requirements.
II. Adhan and Iqamah
Conditions: Only for five daily prayers and obligatory for men.
Muezzin Requirements: Must be trustworthy, have a strong voice, and understand prayer times.
Adab: Standing on a high place, facing the Qibla, lengthening the call to prayer and shortening the iqamah. Especially for Fajr, the phrase "ash-shalatu khairun minan naum" is added.
For Listeners: It is Sunnah to answer the call to prayer with the same sentence.
III. Valid Conditions for Prayer
There are six main conditions for prayer to be considered valid:
Purity from Hadats: Have performed ablution, janabah bath, or tayamum.
Time Entry: Ensure that prayers are performed within the respective time periods (Zhuhr, Asr, Maghrib, Isha and Fajr).
Covering Your Private Parts: Clothes that are not see-through. Men: Navel to knees. Free woman: Entire body except face and palms.
Clean from Uncleanness: Clean body, clothes and place of prayer.
Facing Qibla: Facing towards the Kaaba. There is relief for travelers who pray sunnah prayers in vehicles or people who are very afraid.
Intention: Determining the type of prayer that will be done in the heart.
IV. Prayer Procedures (According to Sunnah)
Beginning: Starting with Takbiratul Ihram, raising your hands, then placing them below the navel. Read the prayers Istiftah, Ta'awudz, Basmalah, and Al-Fatihah.
Movement:
Rukuk: Straightening your back, holding your knees, and reciting the tasbih.
Iktidal: Rise up by praising Allah.
Prostration: Pressing together the seven parts of the body (forehead/nose, two palms, two knees, and the tips of the toes of two feet).
Sitting: Between two prostrations using Iftirasy sitting (sitting on the left leg).
Tasyahud: Read tasyahud prayers, shalawat, and ask for protection from the slander of the Dajjal and the punishment of the grave.
Closing: Say hello to the right and left.
V. Rukun, Obligation, and Sujud Sahwi
Rukun (12 points): Basic things that if left out make the prayer automatically invalidated (such as Al-Fatihah, Rukuk, Sujud).
Obligatory (7 points): If forgotten, the prayer is still valid but must be replaced with Sujud Sahwi (like the initial Tasyahud or recitation of tasbih).
Sujud Sahwi: Prostrate twice before or after the greeting to correct mistakes caused by forgetting (excess rakaat, lack of rakaat, or doubt about the number of rakaat).
VI. Sunnah Prayers and Prohibited Times
Types of Sunnah:
Rawatib: Accompaniment of fardu prayers (10 or 12 rak'ahs).
Witr: Closing evening prayer (minimum 1 rak'ah).
Congregation: Tarawih, Kusuf (Eclipse), and Istisqa (Ask for Rain).
Forbidden Times: Sunnah prayers are prohibited (except those for special reasons) at: After Fajr until the sun rises, when the sun is right in the middle of the sky, and after Asr until sunset.
VII. Imamate and Congregational Prayer
Criteria for Imams: The one who reads the Al-Qur'an best, then the one who understands the hadith best.
Position: Maximum one person stands to the right of the priest. If there are many, stand behind the priest. The women's row is at the back.
Relief: People who are sick can pray while sitting or lying down. Travelers and sick people are also given relief to perform plural (combining) prayers if necessary.
Chapter Prayers of Musafir (Traveling People)
Requirements for Mengqashar (Condensing 4 Rak'ats into 2): Permitted if the distance reaches 16 farsakh (around 71.2 km or 2 days' journey) and the destination is a permissible journey (permitted by religion).
More Important: For travelers, making up the prayer is more important than completing it (4 rak'ahs), although both are permitted.
It is mandatory to complete the prayer (not allowed to perform qashar) if:
Become a makmum behind the resident imam (local resident).
Not intending to make up the prayer.
Remembering the debt of prayer when you go home when you are on a trip, or vice versa.
Intend to stay at your destination for more than 21 prayer times (4 days 4 nights).
Exception: If the traveler does not know exactly when he will return home and his intention to stay is unclear, he may continue to make up his prayers indefinitely.
Khauf Prayer Chapter (Conditions of Fear/War)
Main Procedures: You can use any of the procedures taught by Rasulullah ﷺ. The most important thing is to divide the congregation into two groups:
First Rakat: Group 1 prays with the imam, Group 2 stands guard.
Second Rak'at: When the imam stands for the second rak'ah, Group 1 separates (mufaraqah), completes their own prayer, then switches positions to stand guard.
Completion: Group 2 joins the imam in the second rak'ah. When the imam sits down for the final tasyahud, the imam waits, for a while Group 2 stands and completes the remaining rak'ah. Afterward, they greet the imam with the prayer.
Extreme Danger: If safety is threatened, prayer may be performed while walking, running, hiding, or driving. The direction of the Qibla is no longer required, and bowing and prostration are sufficient using gestures.
Friday Prayer
Obligation: It is obligatory for every Muslim male resident if the distance between him and the mosque is 1 farsakh (approximately 4.45 km) or closer.
Excuses: Women, slaves, travelers, the sick, and those prevented by rain or fear are not required to pray Friday prayer. However, if they attend, their Friday prayer is valid and waives the obligation of the Dhuhr prayer.
Conditions for a Valid Friday Prayer:
Performed at Dhuhr time.
Attended by at least 40 resident worshippers who are obligated to pray Friday prayer.
Preceded by two sermons containing: praise to Allah, blessings on the Prophet ﷺ, reading verses of the Koran, and advice.
There can only be one Friday prayer congregation in one city, unless there is an urgent need (the mosque does not fit).
Khatib Adab: It is Sunnah to preach in the pulpit. The preacher faces the congregation, says greetings, sits down for the call to prayer, then stands for the first sermon, sits for a moment, followed by the second sermon. After that, go down to lead the 2 rak'ah prayer with a loud voice (jahr).
Maximum Rules for Drunkenness:
If the congregation has time to pray at least 1 rak'ah with the imam, he just completes the remaining rak'ah as Friday prayer.
If there is less than 1 rak'ah (for example: the imam has done tasyahud), time runs out, or the congregation is less than the minimum limit, then the congregation is obliged to complete it as the Dzhuhur prayer (4 rak'ahs).
Friday Sunnah: Take a shower, wear clean clothes and smell good, and come early. It is forbidden to speak during the sermon. If you have just arrived during the sermon, it is still mandatory to pray two rak'ahs of the Tahiyatul Masjid prayer briefly before sitting down.
Chapter Eid Prayers (Eid al-Fitr & Eid al-Adha)
Law & Time: Fardhu Kifayah (abandonment of obligations if at least 40 people have done so). The time is from sunrise to sunset (Dzhuhur time). It's more important to do it in the field.
Sunnah Regarding ID:
Hasten the Eid al-Adha prayer and slightly delay the Eid al-Fitr prayer time.
Eating before special prayers for Eid.
Take a shower, wear your best clothes, and wear perfume.
Prayer Procedures: * Two rak'ahs without the call to prayer, without iqamah, and without the sunnah qabliyah/ba'diyah prayer.
Rak'at 1: 7 additional takbir (after takbiratul ihram).
Rak'at 2: 5 additional takbirs (after the intiqal/rising takbir).
It is sunnah to raise your hands, praise Allah, and say shalawat between takbir. Reading the surah aloud (jahr).
Khutbah Id: Performed after prayer (2 sermons). Eid al-Fitr is focused on the advice and wisdom of zakat/alms, while Eid al-Adha focuses on the law of sacrifice.
Disadvantaged Community: If you don't have time to join the congregational prayer, you don't have to make up for it. However, it is permissible to pray the sunnah prayers alone (2 or 4 rak'ahs), or to pray according to the procedures for the Id prayer in full.
Takbiran Rules:
In general, it is sunnah since the eve of the holiday.
Especially for Eid al-Adha: Takbir is read after every fardhu prayer, starting from Fajr on the day of Arafah (9 Dzulhijjah) until Asr on the last day of Tasyriq (13 Dzulhijjah).
For those who are performing ihram (hajj), takbir starts from Dzhuhur on the day of Id.
The takbir pronunciation is read with even numbers.
reference:
umdatul fiqh
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